世界结构与内置对象

This group includes such types as Node Reference, Dummy Node, Layer Node, and Trigger Node. Let's review them in detail.这一组包含节点引用（Node Reference）、虚拟节点（Dummy Node）、图层节点（Layer Node）和触发器节点（Trigger Node）等类型。让我们详细了解一下它们。

Node Reference

节点引用（Node Reference）#

Dummy Node

虚拟节点（Dummy Node）#

Layer Node

图层节点（Layer Node）#

Trigger Node

触发器节点（Trigger Node）#

Objects are a virtual representation of entities or objects from the real world. They are used to build the virtual world: you can create sky, terrain, water, buildings, characters, any objects using the corresponding types of objects.对象是现实世界中实体或物体的虚拟表现。它们用于构建虚拟世界：你可以使用相应类型的对象来创建天空、地形、水、建筑物、角色或任何物体。

Dummy Object

虚拟对象（Dummy Object）#

Mesh Objects (Static, Skinned, and Dynamic)

网格对象（静态、蒙皮和动态）#

UNIGINE has Landscape Terrain, which is used to create a virtually infinite arbitrary landscape with high level of detail, optimized performance, and flexible settings. It supports collaborative editing and the ability to modify the surface in real time (creating craters, explosion funnels, and trenches). The Landscape Terrain object consists of individual layers (Landscape Layer Map), each storing the data used for rendering (elevation, imagery, and masks). These layers are blended to create a realistic landscape. You can draw a landscape from scratch in the Editor or use data generated in a third-party application.UNIGINE拥有景观地形（Landscape Terrain）功能，可用于创建具有高细节度、优化性能和灵活设置的近乎无限的任意地形景观。它支持协作编辑和实时修改地表的能力（如创建弹坑、爆炸漏斗和战壕）。景观地形对象由独立的图层(Landscape Layer Map)组成，每个图层存储用于渲染的数据（高程、影像和遮罩）。这些图层通过混合来创建逼真的地形景观。你可以在编辑器中从头绘制地形，或使用第三方应用程序生成的数据。

You can also use the Terrain Global object to create a landscape — it has specific features and is mainly used for flight simulators. We are not going to review this object in the course.你也可以使用全局地形(Terrain Global)对象来创建地形，它具有特定功能，主要用于飞行模拟器。本课程将不涉及该对象的详细介绍。

To create realistic water (with waves, ripples and foam, reflection and refraction effects) and various liquids, UNIGINE provides two objects:为创建逼真的水体（含波浪、涟漪和泡沫，反射和折射效果）和各种液体，UNIGINE提供两种对象：

• Global Water is an infinite mesh with automatic tessellation used to create the global ocean. This object has an underwater mode, and the water level is the same everywhere. You can create realistic waves on the surface by setting the Beauforts mode or using the Layers mode. The object does not interact with physical objects as this would require a large amount of calculations. 全局水体（Global Water）是带有自动细分功能的无限网格，用于创建全球海洋。该对象具有水下模式，且各处水位高度一致。你可以通过设置蒲福风级模式（Beauforts mode）或使用图层模式（Layers mode）在表面创建逼真波浪。该对象不与物理对象互动，因为这需要大量计算。
• Water Mesh is used for finite basins (pools, ponds, lakes, etc.), as well as for modeling any liquids in a confined basin of arbitrary shape. It can be used to create a mountain lake or a stream of water with an altitude difference above sea level. This object supports interaction with physical bodies (buoyancy simulation) but has no underwater mode. You can create ripples and waves on the surface using the Normal map or a combination of four directional geometric waves.水体网格（Water Mesh）用于有限水域（水池、池塘、湖泊等），以及模拟任意形状封闭容器中的任何液体。它可用于创建高山湖泊或具有海拔落差的溪流。该对象支持与物理体的交互（浮力模拟）但不具备水下模式。你可以使用法线贴图或四种方向性几何波的组合在表面创建涟漪和波浪。

This object is used for simplified simulation of the planet's atmosphere. It is modelled as an upper hemisphere of the specified color with dynamic clouds generated using a special texture.该对象用于简化模拟行星大气层。它被建模为指定颜色的上半球体，并使用特殊纹理生成动态云层。

This object allows generating layers of volumetric clouds that drift across the sky, with realistic lighting, shadow casting, and interactivity.该对象可生成体积云层，这些云层会随天空漂移，具有逼真的光照、投影和交互效果。

It supports the 10 basic types of clouds that exist in nature (cumulus, cirrus, etc.), which are available as customizable presets, and you can simultaneously add several different layers at different heights. Support for the Earth's curvature is also available to make the cloudy sky conform to the planet's shape.它支持自然界存在的10种基本云类型（积云、卷云等），这些类型可作为可定制预设使用，并且你可以同时在多个不同高度添加不同云层。还支持地球曲率效果，使云空符合行星形状。

This object is used to create animated vegetation, including grass. Its appearance is determined mainly by two textures: the Diffuse texture, which defines variations of each type of vegetation, and the Mask texture, which defines the areas of growing and density.该对象用于创建含动画效果的植被，包括草类。其外观主要由两种纹理决定：定义每种植被变体的漫反射(Diffuse)纹理，以及定义生长区域和密度的遮罩(Mask)纹理。

Vegetation diversity is also achieved through a probability factor that affects height, color, slope, rotation, and other parameters.植被多样性还通过影响高度、颜色、坡度、旋转等参数的概率因子来实现。

Billboard is a rectangular flat object that always faces the camera. The Billboards object consists of a number of such billboard elements. It is used instead of fully functional objects that are barely seen from far off and slightly change their position when the camera moves around them (such as stars, clouds, or trees at a distance). Using Billboards helps to speed up rendering. 公告牌（Billboard）是始终面向摄像机的矩形平面对象。公告牌对象(Billboards)由多个此类公告牌元素组成。它用于替代那些远距离几乎看不清且随摄像机移动仅轻微改变位置的完整功能对象（如星星、云朵或远处的树木）。使用公告牌有助于加速渲染。

Depending on its purpose, a Billboards object can be of either of three types (Base, Impostor, or Cloud) and is assigned a corresponding material. Materials differ in a set of parameters and are displayed in different ways.根据用途不同，公告牌对象可以是三种类型之一（基础型、替身型或云型），并分配相应的材质。这些材质具有不同的参数集，并以不同方式显示。

UNIGINE has several types of nodes that provide visual effects:UNIGINE提供多种能产生视觉特效的节点类型：

• Particle system is a complex object consisting of an emitter, particles, and additional physical forces affecting the particles. It is used to create fire, smoke, fireworks, fountains, snow, rain, etc. We will review this node type in more detail later.粒子系统（Particle system）是由发射器、粒子及影响粒子的附加物理力组成的复合对象。用于创建火焰、烟雾、烟花、喷泉、雪、雨等效果。我们稍后将详细讲解这类节点。

• Volumetric objects are used to create volumetric effects (fog, clouds, sun rays, etc.):体积对象（Volumetric objects）用于创建体积特效（雾、云、阳光射线等）：

  • Volume Box creates a volumetric effect of rectangular shape: fog, clouds, rays of light from the sun.体积盒（Volume Box）创建矩形体积特效：雾、云、太阳光线。
  • Volume Sphere creates a spherical or ellipsoidal volumetric effect such as fog, haze, or glow around point light sources (candles, lamps, etc.).体积球（Volume Sphere）创建球形或椭球形体积特效，如点光源（蜡烛、灯具等）周围的雾、薄雾或辉光。
  • Volume Omni creates a visible volume of light emitted from a flat surface (e.g. flat wall and ceiling lamps).全向体积（Volume Omni）创建从平面表面（如平板壁灯和吸顶灯）发射的可见光体积。
  • Volume Projected creates light rays from directional light sources (car headlights, spotlights).投影体积（Volume Projected）创建定向光源（汽车前灯、聚光灯）的光线效果。

  

• Fields – box or ellipsoid-shaped objects that affect certain areas of grass, water, or clouds within their volume in a specific way:场（Field）是盒状或椭球状对象，以特定方式影响其体积范围内特定区域的草、水或云：

  • Field Spacer cuts out areas of grass and water geometry.间隔场（Field Spacer）裁切草和水体几何体的区域。
  • Field Animation animates grass and water geometry.动画场（Field Animation）为草和水体几何体添加动画。
  • Field Height defines areas of Global Water where the water level should change due to external effects (e.g. to create a wake or water disturbance near certain objects).高度场（Field Height）定义全局水体(Global Water)中因外部效应（如在某些物体附近创建尾流或水体扰动）需要改变水位的区域。
  • Field Shoreline defines the areas of Global Water where shoreline swash zone should be located.海岸线场（Field Shoreline）定义全局水体中海岸冲刷带应位于的区域。
  • Field Weather defines the location of cloud areas within the Cloud Layer. It helps to create a local storm, or clouds of the desired shape.天气场（Field Weather）定义云层（Cloud Layer）内云区的分布位置。可用于创建局部风暴或特定形状的云团。

  

• Physicals – objects inside of which there is an invisible force field affecting other objects. These objects allow simulating wind, force fields, floating. We will review them later in detail.物理场（Physicals）是内部含有能影响其他物体的隐形力场的对象。这些对象可模拟风力、力场、漂浮等效果。我们将在后续详细讲解。

  

Decal is a material projection on the surface. Decals allow adding details — they help imitating holes, stains, traces, puddles, etc. Decals can also be projected onto the water surface and used to create holes in the landscape.贴花（Decal）是投射在表面的材质。贴花可用于添加细节：帮助模拟孔洞、污渍、痕迹、水洼等效果。贴花还能投射到水面，并用于在地形上创建孔洞。

There are three types of decals in UNIGINE:UNIGINE中有三种贴花类型：

• Orthographic Decal is a decal projected onto a surface using orthogonal projection. Its size is independent of the distance to the surface on which it is projected. This decal follows the shape of any surface, so it looks realistic.正交贴花（Orthographic Decal）：使用正交投影投射到表面的贴花。其大小与投射表面的距离无关。这类贴花会贴合任何表面形状，因此看起来十分逼真。
• Projected Decal is a decal projected onto a surface using perspective projection. The decal size increases as the distance to the surface increases. Projected Decal forms a projection pyramid, the size of which can be adjusted using the settings.透视贴花（Projected Decal）：使用透视投影投射到表面的贴花。贴花大小会随投射距离增加而增大。透视贴花形成可调节大小的投射棱锥。.
• Mesh Decal is a decal that projects arbitrary geometry onto the surface using orthogonal projection. This type of decal is suitable for creating large objects with complex shapes (e.g. an entire airfield).网格贴花（Mesh Decal）：使用正交投影将任意几何体投射到表面的贴花。适合创建具有复杂形状的大型物体（如整个机场）。

正交贴花	透视贴花
网格贴花

Nodes from this group are invisible and are used to control the virtual world:该组节点不可见，用于控制虚拟世界：

• World Trigger activates certain events when any objects enter or leave its bounds.世界触发器（World Trigger）：当任何物体进入或离开其边界时触发特定事件。
• World Clutter manages a large number of Node Reference nodes as a single object. Nodes in the clutter are scattered randomly and cannot be edited individually.世界散布（World Clutter）：将大量节点引用(Node Reference)作为单个对象管理。散布中的节点随机分布且无法单独编辑。
• Switcher enables or disables its child nodes at a certain distance from the camera, allowing you to implement distance-based switching between two objects, disabling an object when it is far away from the camera and enabling it when it is close.切换器（Switcher）：根据与摄像机的距离启用或禁用其子节点，可实现基于距离的对象切换（远距离禁用/近距离启用）。
• Occluder is used to cut off geometry that is not visible behind it. Surfaces behind the Occluder (simple or complex shapes) are not rendered, and this allows you to optimize rendering of complex scenes with a large number of objects that overlap each other.遮挡器（Occluder）：用于剔除其后不可见的几何体。遮挡器后方的表面（简单或复杂形状）不会被渲染，可优化具有大量重叠对象的复杂场景渲染。
• Transform Path is a sequence of transformations along an arbitrary path. It defines a trajectory along which objects can move.变换路径（Transform Path）：沿任意路径的变换序列。定义对象可移动的轨迹。
• Transform Bone is a sequence of transformations based on skeletal animation and is used together with Mesh Skinned: it receives the transformation of a particular bone, and all its child nodes move according to this transformation.骨骼变换（Transform Bone）：基于骨骼动画的变换序列，与蒙皮网格(Mesh Skinned)配合使用：接收特定骨骼的变换，其所有子节点按此变换移动。
• World Expression is a node that executes custom scripts as long as the camera is within a set distance from it.世界表达式（World Expression）：在摄像机处于设定距离内时执行自定义脚本的节点。
• World Spline Graph is a node used to place various nodes at points and along the segments (linear or curved) of a spline graph. It can be used to create roads, pipelines, chains, etc.世界样条图（World Spline Graph）：用于在样条图点段（直线或曲线）上放置各种节点的工具。可用于创建道路、管道、链条等结构。